In Western Australia, outlaw motorcyle gang was said to have been involved in theft of pearls; in the Northern Territory, OMCGs had purchased fishing licences; and in South Australia, enforcement stakeholders believed that OMCGs had been involved in the illegal abalone trade," the report says. "These gangs were also reported to have purchased fishing vessels to distribute illicit drugs." In the Northern Territory, companies and family groups are illegally profiting from large-scale and well-organised shark "finning", in which fins are sliced from illegally caught sharks and smuggled to Asia, where they are in huge demand. In NSW, entire racks of oysters are being stolen from oyster farms using lifting equipment on the back of vehicles. Money laundering, including the use of underground banks to illegally move money into and out of Australia, is also linked to the seafood black market. The criminology institute's general manager of research, Judy Putt, co-author of the report, said there was widespread concern among fisheries officers that Australia's existing regulations were inadequate to deal with the growing threat posed by organised crime. The report, based on a survey of more than 300 fisheries officers and consultations with law enforcement agencies, warns that as some types of seafood become rarer and more expensive they will increasingly attract organised crime groups. "Systematic criminal activity, which is more likely to target vulnerable and most valuable species, escalates not only the seriousness of the illegal activity but also its effects, through an increase in criminal activity generally, such as environmental offences, theft, fraud, quarantine violation, tax evasion and serious crimes against people, including murder," the report says. International trafficking of fish products between organised crime groups is arranged "as and when the need arises".

All of the fisheries officers surveyed in the study believed there was organised crime involvement in illegal fishing in their jurisdictions, with 26 per cent saying there was "a lot" and 58 per cent responding there was "some".

"The sector is also characterised by seasonal work, which can attract individuals with involvement in criminal activity such as poaching and drug distribution," the report says. "These structural factors can reduce the resistance of the sector to organised criminal activity."
According to the report, poachers are becoming more sophisticated in their efforts to avoid detection, with illegal divers in Tasmania and Victoria using re-breathers to hide their bubbles, working at night with underwater lights and using global positioning systems.